Style quickly reverted to traditional forms. (Herodotus, Histories, 2.129-133). really tells us a lot. The majority were found in various stages of completion. rendered as the sun disk. altar in someone's home, where they would have seen STEVEN ZUCKER: So The Divine Guardian: Horus Protecting Pharaoh Nectanebo II, 2019 Historicaleve.com All Rights Reserved, The buried statues of pharaoh Menkaure in Giza, Ancient Egypt: The opening of the mouth ritual. pointing back to her mother at the same moment. At the eastern entrance, a hall with four columns flanked by rooms that looked like warehouses led to a large patio that gave access to the offering room, with six columns, and the sanctuary itself, next to which some rooms opened. Menkaure was the son of Khafre (Chephren, Khefren) and his queen Khamernebi I. Aten is present, here Is this fact or is it one of the many theories? Scarce material evidence about the reign of Menkaure is represented by fragments of vessels inscribed with his name. His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. The knees are prominent an easily noticeable through the clothes. It is easily to spot that there is lionesses head, because of the high detail level. During the reign of Khufu and Khafre, Egypt suffered severe disasters. Menkaure and His Queen is a three-dimensional image due to the fact that it is a sculpture and not a flat painting and makes the people seem as though they are realistic. Along the east face of the pyramid, Reisner located the upper temple where fragments of a colossal seated alabaster statue of the pharaoh appeared and the remains of the road that joined this building with the lower temple or the valley (which has not been found yet), where the purification rites of the kings mummy took place. Temples were closed, and the Egyptians - both free citizens and slaves - worked day and night, building pyramids for their rulers. Stories abound about the era in art and the push from abstraction to non-representation, with several artists claiming to have led the breakthrough. Khentkaus I, the Queen of the next Pharaoh Shepseskaf, was a daughter of Menkaure; while his second daughter died at an immature age, during the lifetime of her father, as per the record of the Greek historian Herodotus. In art history books, the pair have come to represent a prime example of Old Kingdom royal tomb sculpture. https://web.archive.org/web/20140215025647/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/materials-and-techniques-of-the-ancient-egyptian-artist.html, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. White was often made from gypsum, black from carbon, reds and yellows from iron oxides, blue and green from azurite and malachite, and bright yellow (representing gold) from orpiment. He also discovered the funerary chapels of the three satellite pyramids belonging to the wives of Menkaure and some tombs of funerary priests in charge of the royal cult. Direct link to Polina Viti's post After Akhenaten's death (, Posted 3 years ago. that Nefertiti is queen of both. Iron oxide nodules, source of a range of red pigments, Thebes. Egyptian artists used a wide array of materials, both local and imported, from very early in their history. The Turin King List and other historical evidence indicates that Menkaure was the son of Pharaoh Khafre and the grandson of the famous PharaohKhufu. The name of Menkaure was found written on scarabs dated to the 26th Dynasty, which may imply that he was worshiped in this period. real shift in style. Right next to the causeway leading from Khafre's valley temple to the mortuary temple sits the first truly colossal sculpture in Egyptian history: the Great Sphinx. Legal. The Pharaoh died before his pyramid was finished. Jewelry work was quite sophisticated even in the Old Kingdom, as demonstrated by some highly creative pieces depicted in tomb scenes. Though the artistic styles of ancient Egypt and early Roman art vary widely, the underlying symbolism remains the same. giving life to these two people, and these two people alone. A partial list includes: Nome triad, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus . The detail level is high, which makes the sculpture appear more realistic. Direct link to DiCola's post If _Aten_ was a sun god, , Posted 10 years ago. The Pharaoh never overcame his grief and guilt. He also had a daughter who had a very uncomfortable relationship with her father. As a pharaoh, Menkaure is remembered for his kindness and religiosity, unlike his father Khafre and grandfather Khufu. At first glance, the part of the sculpture that seems to stand out the most are the heads of the pharaoh and the queen. King Menkaure was the fifth king who ruled through the 4th dynasty of the old kingdom in ancient Egypt. He decided to turn 'his nights into days, and thus, he could extend his remaining years from six to twelve.' Carving on softer stones was done using copper chisels and stone tools; hard stone required tools of yet harder stone, copper alloys, and the use of abrasive sand to shape them. The key is he makes him and his Scene elements were drafted out using red paint, corrections noted in black paint, and then the painting was executed one color at a time. to the pantheon of gods that traditional Egyptian Omissions? The two primary classes of relief are raised relief (where the figures stand up out from the surface) and sunk relief (where the figures are cut into and below the surface). with one another and their relationship STEVEN ZUCKER: So let's Right: Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the king Menkaura made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840. source. Direct link to Lena Lindstrom's post 4:06 "you can see hand, Posted 10 years ago. holding his eldest daughter, and he's actually getting The statue seems to be in the same condition as when first created (although a little wear down but not notable pieces missing)., The technique the artist used to construct and design the item relied heavily on symmetry. BETH HARRIS: We see Nefertiti And so it's as if Aten is The two figures in Menkaure and His Queen are standing side by side. Image source. So he actually Rare 2000-Year-Old Celtic Sword Unearthed In East Bohemia, On This Day In History: Vespasian Was Elected The Roman Emperor On July 1, 69, Judahite Shrine Of Biblical Arad Reveals Ancient Use Of Cannabis And Frankincense, New Method Reveals Falsified And Original Manuscripts Of Famous Robert Burns, Soyal: Hopi Indians Winter Solstice Celebration And Arrival Of Katchinas, Ancient Germanic Ghost Warriors Romans Greatest Military Defeat And Nightmare, Ancient City Of Sogmatar And Recent Discovery Of 5,000-Year-Old Childrens Toy, Ancient DNA Reveals Unknown Genetic Exchanges Between North And South America, On This Day In History: First Wireless Transmission Of Morse Signals Sent On Mar 12, 1896, Unknown History Of Gigantic Obelisks Created With Ancient Lost Technology. Egypt, the supreme ruler. The wooden mummy-shaped coffin reached the British Museum, but all efforts to locate the shipwreck and the lost basalt sarcophagus of Menkaure failed. wife the only ones with access to STEVEN ZUCKER: And in The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known as Menkaure and Khamerernebty. Menkaure was the fifth king in the line of the Fourth Dynasty, in the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. I remember seeing a program on television that said that Akhenaten was in fact "out of proportion" and that his pointy skull, narrow shoulders, and large waist, were a result of inbreeding which was a common practice amongst royal families. Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus). The sculpture is just under life-size, 54 inches tall. She is renowned for being strong and assertive, whilst also fair and just. Excellence of craftsmanship is the hallmark of 18th-dynasty sculpture, in a revival of the best traditions of the Middle Kingdom. Possible answers to your question might be found at: The size of the people in Egyptian art has to do with their importance. The pyramid of Menkaure had already been explored in 1834 by the British Richard Vyse, so Reisner focused on investigating other elements of the complex. BETH HARRIS: Those rays of light (Figure 4.4) A Quaker minister, Hicks treated his painting at first as a supplemental avocation, then as his primary means of supporting his family. The shoulders are rounded and there is a long oval indentation that resembles a neckline for a dress. That definition suffers from over generality, though, since any physical or visual expression that has some reference to the physical world includes some aspect that we see as reflecting the physical world. Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaure's pyramid. Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Giza pyramids belong to Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, and vandals and thieves looted them a long time ago. In order to ensure the King's eternal resurrection, this sculpture is employed. One further note is needed in consideration of the relationship of type to response to the phenomenal world. Painted raised relief in the Temple of Seti I at Abydos (New Kingdom). The Marble Statue of a Kouros (youth) is an Archaic Greek statue from 590-680 BCE. Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaures pyramid. Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. It was created during the time of the middle kingdom. Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) But in some ways, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menkaure-king-of-Egypt, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Seated Statue of King Menkaure. Direct link to Keith's post They do look more like le, Posted 11 years ago. Three of Menkaure's queens are buried in small pyramids next to his at Giza, but their names are unknown. The figures of the Pharaoh Menkaure (r. c. 2530-c. 2510 BCE) and his Queen Khamerernebty are shown as being well proportioned, physically fit, and in young adulthood. Akhenaten, changes the state religion. That would make them pretty important - and so they're big in pictures. break right around 1350. No one is really sure. Still, the art is never completely independent of some reference: the viewer might respond to the color, painterly effect, line quality, or some other aspect that is not necessarily associated with recognition of a particular physical object or thing but that relates to the qualities of the art in some way, that is, to some recognition of reference although this recognition may be ephemeral and may be nameless. The rest of the triads that were complete stayed in Egypt. Art History 101 - Ancient to Medieval Handout 2. Mikyla Avila Art History February 27, 2023 Comparison Essay: In the Temple of the Menkaure Valley, a sculpture of the King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, an Egyptian pharaoh and his wife, was found. Recurrent strains of abstraction appear throughout the history of art, when artists elected to streamline, suppress, or de-emphasize reference to the phenomenal world. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. The figures of the Pharaoh Menkaure (r. c. 2530-c. 2510 BCE) and his Queen Khamerernebty are shown as being well proportioned, physically fit, and in young adulthood. BETH HARRIS: Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. She reigned during 1473 1458 B.C.E. The glaze coating could be almost any color, depending on the minerals used in the composition, although turquoise blue is the most common. there are elements of traditional He was the son of Pharaoh Khafre and the grandson of Pharaoh Khufu, both of whom are famous for their massive pyramid tombs in Giza. Direct link to Greg Boyle dG dB's post No one is really sure. The artist of the sculpture is unknown. Hatshepsut in a Devotional Attitude is an Egyptian statue from 1473-1458 BCE. The statue was found on January 10, 1910, during excavations carried out by members of Harvard University, in the temple of the Pyramid of Menkaure, near the Egyptian town of Giza. During the late 1970s, one teacher questioned the role of the queen in ancient Egyptian art. The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure which was enlarged in the 5th or 6th dynasty. Carved circa 2532-2510 b.c.e., the Standing Sculpture of King Menkaure and Queen Kha-merer-nebu II is both a masterpiece of Egyptian sculpture and an illustration of the Egyptian conventions for representing a king and queen. What changes did this bring to the way egyptians worshiped? relationship to the god Aten. Ancient Desert Mystery Did Thousands Vanish Without A Trace Because Of An Ominous Prophecy And Revenge? The surface would be smoothed with a layer of plaster and then painted. there is only one true god. He used it to express themes of spiritual and historical community events that interested him, generally in simplified landscape settings that emphasized narrative and symbolic messages rather than exact proportions and details. He illustrates this image from the simplistic posture of the individual rather then elaborating on jewelry or clothes. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/26.7.1412, Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. Source: Carme Mayans, National Geographic, Your email address will not be published. with their children. Direct link to S.D. In some works, though, the difference in correspondence to natural appearance can be due to the artists very different purpose for the work. His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. In 1902 an Egyptological "summit" was held on the terrace of the Mena House hotel in Cairo. Menkaure most likely died in 2500 B.C. STEVEN ZUCKER: Akhenaten himself The artistic climate fostered widespread experimentation, and the synergistic atmosphere was a seedbed for new ideas and modes of working. It is detailed; you can see the female shapes in the breasts and in the hip area. )%2F04%253A_Describing_Art%2F4.03%253A_TYPES_OF_ART, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Pamela Sachant, Peggy Blood, Jeffery LeMieux, & Rita Tekippe, 4.3.3 Non-Representational or Non-Objective, http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=27334, http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhtruct_jpg.html, https://www.moma.org/collection/works/45090?locale=en, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Figure 2. The simple shapes of the head a sphere with two rectangular ears atop it and a cone like neck below. arms, and elongated skulls, forms that have made STEVEN ZUCKER: Right. The coating stones are smooth to a certain extent, and then, they are curved. Left: Fragments of the lid of a wooden coffin have been found, probably from a restoration of the burial from the 26th Dynasty. Representation, then, shows us some broad vision of what we see in the original, be it a person, landscape, interior, event, or such, with some level of detail. There is a sense of the individual in both faces. The burial chamber of this main pyramid lies to the west of its mortuary temple, where the large stone sarcophagus is found, which is totally made of basalt and bears hieroglyphic writings and decorations like a palace facade. More information on the materials used to make pigments, as well as a discussion of the symbolism of various colors may be found in the article Aspects of Color in Ancient Egypt at Egyptological. If we look at the His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. god, called Aten. Menkaure and His Queen is a statue that depicts the Pharaoh Menkaure, who ruled Egypt during the Old Kingdom period, and his queen. It is more naturalistic, not idealized like the royal works. There are also theories which say he may have been androgynous, a hermaphrodite, etc. STEVEN ZUCKER: That's true. According to tradition, Menkaure was . view of the body. In 1838, the ship sank off Spain's coast, and the coffin ended up on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. And Maat answered the messengers: "Menkaure is kind and fair - that's why I shortened his life. (Figure 4.9c) At that point, the beginning of the Classical period in Greece, sculptors captured the potential for naturalistic movement and the contrapposto or weight shift of the knees and hips that occurs when standing with one leg at ease or walking. The ethereal beauty of the Egyptian statue "King Menkaure and queen" Exploring Art with Alessandro 1.71K subscribers Subscribe 64 Share 4.2K views 2 years ago Hi! On it was depicted relief decoration, namely the side of the royal palace and the complex of the Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara. If the surface was not carved before painting, several layers of mud plaster would be applied to create a flat plane. Her cows would be correctly described as very naturalistic in appearance their forms are quite similar in appearance to actual cows. It is about 4 and a half feet tall. exposed to us as possible, while the figures Why Was It Necessary For Great Physician Hippocrates To Eat Earwax? Direct link to Qrious's post What is the significance , Posted 9 years ago. faces of the king and queen. It might have served as an offering at the grave to preserve their representations in the afterlife. Introduction to Art - Design, Context, and Meaning (Sachant et al. Egyptian Museum, Cairo (New Kingdom) Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. Sometimes artists create an idealized version of a natural form rather than truly reflecting its actual appearance. It may help to start here by examining a number of works; each is based on the artists observations of cows but is distinctive in what the artist elected to convey in their artwork about cows on the continuum from representation to abstraction. Hence, his second son Shepseskaf became his successor to the throne, as per the Turin King List. They could be applied as a single plane, but were also layered to create subtle effects and additional colors, such as pink or gray. They presented the forms in the nude (only sculptures of males were nude at first, female sculpture remained clothed until the fourth century BCE) and, over time, they increasingly sought to capture more accurate physical details and the principles of movement in the body, rather than the static sense of permanence the Egyptians had favored. purely stylistic break. Khufu and Khafra understood this, but Menkaure did not understand. According to tradition, Menkaure was a pious and just king. (Figure 4.3) Artistically gifted and thoroughly trained, she went on to deepen her own knowledge and to hone her skills by visiting farms, veterinarian dissections, and slaughterhouses in order to develop extensive knowledge of her preferred subject matter, with which she created imagery of animals and other features of rural farm life. Menkaure is best known for his own pyramid at Giza, which is the smallest of the three pyramids at the site. It had been invited by Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, and some of the great archaeologists of [] of my favorite sculptures. 12, Aleksandr Rodchenko: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhtruct_jpg.html; Assembling for a Demonstration, Aleksandr Rodchenko: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/45090?locale=en) and its most active early theorist and writer was probably Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944, Russia, lived Germany and France). He ruled Egypt for roughly 18 or 22 years, as indicated by the historical evidence that was discovered so far about him. The canon was remarkably conservative and unchanging, altering very little over the many centuries that ancient Egypt existed. entire priesthood of Egypt by making him and his Standing at around four feet eight inches, the sculpture of Menkaure and His Queen is estimated to have been created between 2548 to 2530 BC. LIke many pharaohs, he married his sister, Khamernebti II, to retain power. On the left, you have You can see all the shapes, from the ears to the mouth. And if you look closely, Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Khamerernebty(? traditional religion. Indeed, we have evidence of the process and its result in Composition VIII (The Cow), a fully developed instruction that provides us with great insight into Van Doesburgs train of thought and work, as well as his process of abstraction. Most statuary was painted; even stones selected for the symbolism of their color were often painted. It's not that the children actually were that size, it's just emphasizing that they are not as important or powerful as their parents. Whereas her hips are wider than they would have been on a man. Beth Harris "Do you realise that "Akhenaten" does not mean "The Aten is Happy" ? So as much of the body is There was also a cedar coffin. We still see a composite The inscriptions on the wooden coffin name the owner "Osiris Menkaure, to whom eternal life was given, born from heaven, from the sky goddess Nut over you" The coffin and skeletal remains are now in the British Museum. Menkaure's queen provides the perfect female counterpart to his youthful masculine virility. Art was very important to the Egyptian culture. The Statue Ancient Egyptian Art King Menkaure and queen First of all they both face to the front as convention, but Menkaure's head is slightly unusually turned to his right. Thus, the Germans were given the sector of the pyramid of Khafre; the Italians, part of the cemetery located to the north of the pyramid of Khafre, and the North Americans were lucky enough to have the entire funerary complex of Pharaoh Menkaure, the architect of the smallest pyramid of the three that stand in Giza. The Old Kingdom, the Middle It means "Effective Spirit of the Aten". this new god, Aten. Was that right? The faces and headdress appear more detailed than the rest of their bodies and have a sharper quality to them than the smoothness of the bodies. There is a softness throughout that is an absolute contrast to the traditions of Egyptian art. Only the name of one of his queens is known, Khamerernebty II, Menkaure's full sister and daughter of Khamerernebty I. Menkaure changed the people's situation significantly by opening the temples, reduced restrictions toward the people exhausted by poverty, letting them work in their fields, and offer sacrifices. The massive size of this statue leaves one wondering if women have always been just as powerful as men, if not more., | Barbara Hepworth Two Figures The sculpture similarity to the standing forms of King Menkaure and his Queen., When I visited the Brooklyn Museum, I got to see many different works of art. Harder stones include quartzite, diorite, granite, and basalt. In this work it seems that the artist made no attempt whatsoever to create the illusion of depth or dimension., The materials used to create these sculptures symbolized the pharaohs timelessness and eternal life, the body of the pharaohs symbolized the power given to them by God, and the formal design qualities showed the religious and political qualities in the statues. Their function is uncertain, although they possibly had both a cult and a political component; a way of indicating that Menkaure was the lord of the whole country. These images preserve traces of red paint on the kings skin indicating that, when completed and placed in his memorial temple near his pyramid, they would have appeared lifelike in coloration. that we're looking at, this sunken relief On the right side of the, Queen Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh who ruled Egypt. This article was most recently revised and updated by. His wife, Queen Khamerernebty II was also probably buried in any of these three pyramids. The first artist to use the term non- objective art, however, seems to have been Aleksandr Rodchenko (1890-1956, Russia), (Spatial Construction no. Menkaure was succeeded by his younger son, Shepseskaf. Men standing in a high-ceilinged tomb chamber. At the same time, he tried to simplify the forms and volumes, progressively creating a strongly abstracted picture that few of us would likely recognize as of a cow if we were not led through the process by which he developed the image. Fortunately, the coffin reached the Museum because it traveled on another boat. The false section was supposed to fool any potential thieves. The Yellow Cow by Franz Marc (1880-1916, Germany) clearly does not slavishly reproduce natural appearances but instead seeks to convey through abstraction a sense of light-hearted lyrical expression for the animal. And love and domesticity. The Great Sphinx. Most pigments in Egypt were derived from local minerals. 1 Mikyla Avila Art History February 27, 2023 Comparison Essay: This essay will compare and contrast two works of art from the Egyptian Period in art history: the King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, which was produced between 2490 and 2472 B.C.E. This gesture shows how females are subordinate to males because they did not feel comfortable that their nation was being led by a female. carving-- which would have been placed in a The most basic point of style, perhaps, is type or category, whether a work is representational or abstract. He had several brothers and some of them served as viziers in the royal court of Menkaure; as per the evidence, their names were Nebemakhet, Nikaure, Iunmin, and Nikaure. The pharaoh is always big. 's post I think I watched a docum, Posted 8 years ago. Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston In June 1908, Reisner, after carrying out some surveys, focused his attention on discovering the remains of the Lower Temple of Menkaure. He did not do what he had to do: Egypt was destined to endure calamities for 150 years. The head is a lioness head and the eyes are small and intense. episode in Egyptian history, but it also marks a In the funerary complex were found some of the finest sculptures of the Pyramid Age, including a slate statue group of Menkaure and his sister-wife Khamerernebti II and a number of smaller slate triads representing Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various nome (district) deities. Polishing was achieved with a smooth rubbing stone and abrasive sands with a fine grit. His eldest son was Crown Prince Khuenre, the son of Queen Khamerernebty II, who died at an early age, before his father. We don't really know the motive, only that everything changed back almost immediately. And then we can see rays It was probably just a mistake. After Akhenaten's death (when religion went back to the way it had been before), did art revert back to the traditional styles too? Menkaure was known to have two wives and one of them was his own sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. Its great size is something truly remarkable, considering it was built in the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. His facial features are remarkably individualized with prominent eyes, a fleshy nose, rounded cheeks, and full mouth with protruding lower lip. Egyptian sculpture. or Akhenaten, we see swollen bellies, very thin That is why most societies turned to patriarchal rule. Only from this room leads a tilted tunnel to the real burial chamber. wrong with their anatomy. In comparison, if we examine the renditions by folk artist Edward Hicks (1780-1849, USA), we see cows that are much less rigorous in their resemblance, most likely the result of his not having had exacting training and practice in precise replication. Egyptian artists also used a variety of woods in their work, including the native acacia, tamarisk, and sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and other conifers imported from Syria. In ancient Egypt, hierarchy was glorified to signify the contribution and power they had.