It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. This is designated as beta ()-hemolysis. The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. M. luteus is found in the soil, dust, water, and human skin flora. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of, Difference Between Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2012, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2011, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2010, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2009, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2008, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2007, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2020, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2019, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2018, Difference Between Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria, How are Cactus Adapted to Survive in a Desert - Overview and Facts, Areolar Tissue- Overview, Characteristics, Function and Types, Synovial Fluid - Function, Definition, and Structure, Immunoglobulin - Functions, Antibodies, Differences and Types, Vallisneria Plant- Overview, Structure and Function, Natural Disasters- Overview, Structure and Function, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. They are found in many other places in the, M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? Figure 2. Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Reaction: To test for the presence of alpha amylase, a starch hydrolysis test can be performed. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. [2] It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes[citation needed]. Examples of the colony morphology associated with each family is represented on this slide. When a drop of peroxide is placed on catalase-producing bacteria, bubbles appear when the oxygen gas is formed. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). M. luteus is part of the normal flora of the human skin.Transmission and DiseaseM. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen.
The catalase and the oxidase tests came up negative, because the catalase test did not form bubbles, and the oxidase test did not see a color change. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores.
Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. 1995; Wieser et al. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. Staphylococcus spp. Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. Micrococcus luteus. 2002 can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I represented by the type strain of Micrococcus luteus; biovar II represented by strain D7 DSM 14234 CCM 4959; and biovar III . Most of the species produce carotenoid pigments. The sequencing of Micrococcus luteus was supported because of its major potential role in the case of bioremediation and its importance in the field of biotechnology. These can indicate that the genus of the Micrococcus is more closely related to the genus Arthrobacter than it is to other coccoid genera such as Staphylococcus and Planococcus. I used Prokka Genome Annotation to identify which genes are present in the bacterium, Kraken Metagenomics to identify what the DNA reads correlated to on different taxonomic levels, and SPAdes Genome Assembler to determine how many contigs were produced from the reads that were produced. 1. This microbe forms large, round colonies. 570 . A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. Bassis CM, AL Tang, VB Young, and MA Pynnonen (2014). It is an opportunistic pathogen, only pathogenic enough to cause disease in weakened immune systems (Medical Laboratories). Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement.
I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. Cultures:- Nutrient broth cultures of Micrococcus luteus and Proteus vulgaris (young cultures) Procedure: Wet Mount Preparation . Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). It did not reduce sulphur, digest gelatin, or reduce nitrate, among some of the more interesting tests, which all disagree with M. luteus. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. Abstract Micrococcus luteus IFO 3333 cells, both treated with chemical reagents and non-treated, were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tetrads of the micrococci, the grape like clusters of the staphylococci, and the pairs and/or chains of the streptococci are shown. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. Micrococcus species, members of the family Micrococcaceae, are usually regarded as contaminants from skin and mucous membranes. The genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Sarcina were recognized. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). 1 Nevertheless they have been documented to be causative organisms in cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, ventriculitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, endophthalmitis, keratolysis and septic arthritis. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Included in the observation of the morphology of the colony is the effect that the bacterial growth has on the sheep erythrocytes in the agar medium. are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly they are aerobic cocci that are belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. I used an oxidase test strip and water to determine if cytochrome C oxidase was present, and performed a catalase test to determine if catalase was present. [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. What is the biochemical test for Micrococci roseus? After it was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq at the UAF Core lab, I used the online program Base Space to analyze the reads that I got from sequencing. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? . Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. Your email address will not be published. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. Figure 1. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. It has been isolated from human skin. When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose.